Universities have played a crucial role in shaping human civilization by preserving knowledge, encouraging research, and educating generations of scholars. Some of the world’s universities are not just centers of learning but also living monuments of history, having survived wars, political changes, and social transformations. According to QS World University Rankings and historical academic records referenced by QS, several universities stand out for their remarkable age and continuous operation.
These institutions were founded centuries ago and still function today, offering modern education while retaining their historic legacy. Let us explore which universities are considered the oldest in the world according to QS Rankings, their origins, and their global significance.
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How QS Identifies the Oldest Universities
QS World University Rankings primarily focus on academic reputation, research impact, faculty quality, and international outlook. However, QS also acknowledges the historical foundations of universities when discussing the oldest institutions. To be considered among the oldest, a university must:
Have a clearly documented founding year
Be continuously operating (with or without short interruptions)
Offer formal higher education similar to modern universities
Using these criteria, QS and academic historians identify several institutions as the oldest universities in the world.
1. University of Al-Qarawiyyin (Founded 859 AD) – Morocco
The University of Al-Qarawiyyin, located in Fez, Morocco, is widely recognized as the oldest existing and continuously operating university in the world. It was founded in 859 AD by Fatima al-Fihri, making it not only historically significant but also a symbol of women’s contribution to education.
Originally established as a mosque and learning center, Al-Qarawiyyin gradually evolved into a full-fledged university offering instruction in theology, law, grammar, astronomy, and mathematics. QS acknowledges Al-Qarawiyyin as a foundational institution in global higher education, even though it does not participate in modern ranking frameworks.
2. University of Bologna (Founded 1088) – Italy
The University of Bologna in Italy is considered the oldest university in Europe and one of the most influential academic institutions in history. Founded in 1088, it introduced the concept of a university as a self-governing community of students and teachers.
According to QS, Bologna played a major role in shaping the modern university system. It became famous for teaching law, particularly Roman law, and its model spread across Europe. Today, the University of Bologna consistently ranks among the top universities globally while proudly carrying the title “Alma Mater Studiorum” (Nourishing Mother of Studies).
3. University of Oxford (Teaching since 1096) – United Kingdom
The University of Oxford is one of the most prestigious universities in the world and among the oldest continuously operating universities. Teaching activities began as early as 1096, although no exact founding year is recorded.
QS regularly ranks Oxford among the top universities globally, often securing a position in the top five. With its collegiate system, centuries-old libraries, and world-class research, Oxford represents a seamless blend of tradition and innovation. Its alumni include monarchs, Nobel laureates, scientists, and global leaders.
4. University of Cambridge (Founded 1209) – United Kingdom
The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209 by scholars who left Oxford following disputes. Over time, Cambridge established itself as a global leader in education and research.
According to QS Rankings, Cambridge consistently ranks among the world’s top universities. It has contributed immensely to scientific advancement, producing figures such as Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, and Stephen Hawking. Despite being over 800 years old, Cambridge remains at the forefront of modern research and innovation.
5. University of Paris (Founded c. 1150) – France
Often referred to as the Sorbonne, the University of Paris was founded around 1150 and became one of the most important intellectual centers of medieval Europe. It was especially influential in theology, philosophy, and the humanities.
Although the original University of Paris was reorganized into multiple institutions in the 20th century, QS still recognizes its historical legacy as one of the oldest universities in the world. Many modern Paris universities trace their roots directly to this medieval institution.
6. University of Salamanca (Founded 1218) – Spain
The University of Salamanca, founded in 1218, is the oldest university in Spain and one of the oldest in Europe. It gained international recognition during the Renaissance for its work in law, literature, and linguistics.
QS highlights Salamanca for its cultural and historical importance. The university played a significant role during the Age of Exploration and contributed to debates on international law and human rights during early colonial periods.
7. University of Padua (Founded 1222) – Italy
The University of Padua, established in 1222, was founded by scholars seeking greater academic freedom. It quickly became a leading center for medicine, astronomy, and philosophy.
According to QS, Padua’s historical impact is immense, particularly in science and medicine. Notable figures such as Galileo Galilei taught there. The university continues to rank well internationally while maintaining its centuries-old academic traditions.
8. University of Naples Federico II (Founded 1224) – Italy
Founded in 1224 by Emperor Frederick II, the University of Naples Federico II is considered the oldest public university in the world. Unlike other medieval universities, it was established by the state rather than the church.
QS recognizes its unique foundation and long academic legacy. Today, it remains one of Italy’s major universities, offering a wide range of disciplines.
Why These Oldest Universities Still Matter Today
QS Rankings emphasize that the importance of these universities lies not only in their age but also in their continuous contribution to global knowledge. These institutions have:
Shaped modern education systems
Preserved academic traditions
Advanced science, law, philosophy, and medicine
Produced influential global leaders and thinkers
Their survival over centuries reflects their ability to adapt to changing academic, political, and technological landscapes.
Oldest Universities and Modern QS Rankings
While not all ancient universities actively participate in QS rankings today, many—such as Oxford, Cambridge, Bologna, and Padua—consistently rank among the world’s best. This demonstrates that historical legacy and modern academic excellence can coexist.
QS often highlights these universities as examples of how tradition can support innovation rather than hinder it.
Conclusion
According to QS Rankings and academic historical records, the oldest universities in the world include institutions such as Al-Qarawiyyin, Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, and Paris. These universities are more than just educational institutions; they are symbols of humanity’s enduring commitment to learning and knowledge.
